1. The course of First World War (1914 - 1918) changed the world political scene. Muslims and Hindus both felt the need for joint efforts for achievement of their political rights. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah after joining Muslim League started clearing the path for Hindu Muslim unity. In 1915, he succeeded in holding a joint meeting of Congress and Muslim League at Bombay. This meeting paved way for another famous meeting at Lucknow in 1916 where a written agreement was signed by both the parties. In the history of subcontinent this meeting is called the Lucknow Pact.
2. On 30 and 31 October, 1916 the Muslim League and Congress held their joint session at Lucknow which concluded with an alliance between both the parties, known as Lucknow Pact. Under this historical pact the Muslim League and Indian National Congress for the first time in history proposed to the Government, a joint plan for the establishment of self-government on provincial basis. In order to settle the communal issues, both the parties agreed upon many agenda points. The following are the main clauses of famous Lucknow Pact:-
a. Approval of Separate Electorate. The Congress accepted the Muslims demand for reserved seats through separate electorate, to which the Hindus were opposed earlier.
b. One Third Muslims Representation. The number of Muslim members in the central council will be the one-third of the elected strength.
c. Nomination of Members. The proportion of elected and nominated members of councils will be as follows:-
Elected --- 4/5 or 80%
Nominated- 1/5 or 20%
d. Proportion of Muslim representation in the Provinces. In Muslim majority provinces i.e. Bengal, and Punjab; the number of Muslim representatives will be reduced to 40% and 50%, respectively. Where as, in Muslim minority provinces i.e Bombay, Madras, and UP; the Muslims seats will be increased up to 33% (more than their population ratio).
e. Provincial Autonomy. Provincial autonomy will be given to the provinces with maximum powers to the provincial councils with full authority over budget.
Significance
3. The most glaring feature the scheme was that it expressed the Hindus recognition of Muslims as a separate political entity. The Hindus for the first had acknowledged the Muslims as a separate nation and Muslim League as their sole political platform. It was an amazing outcome advocating for the self-rule.
Results
4. The Lucknow Pact was a bright chapter in the dark and gloomy environment of the Indian history marred with communal strife and narrow-mindedness. It guided towards political prosperous future. The Lucknow Pact created political homogeneity between the two separate political entities, Hindus and Muslims, who frankly and fairly admitted each others interests with sincerity. The credit for creating this harmonious situation undoubtedly went the untiring efforts of the Quaid-i-Azam who was conferred with a proud title of Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity by famous Hindu poet politician Mrs Sarojni Naidu.
5. The Congress however could not remain friendly and cordial towards the Muslims for along time. It underwent a transformation with the prejudicial influence under its new leadership of Gandhi. Consequently, this Hindu-Muslim Unity was not able to live for more than eight years, and collapsed after the development of differences between the two communities after the Khilafat Movement, yet it was an important event in the history of the Muslims of South Asia. As Congress agreed to separate electorates, it in fact agreed to consider the Muslims as a separate nation. They thus accepted the concept of the Two-Nation Theory; a step forward towards the creation of Pakistan.
1. Simla Deputation was the name given to a 35 members delegation of Muslim leaders, headed by Sir Agha Khan which met the Viceroy, Lord Minto at Simla on 01 October,1906.
Background
2. With the passage of time, it became clear that the congress party was ignoring the rights of minorities and only represented Hindus. The Hindu opposition to Urdu and partition of Bengal intensified the feelings that Hindus would never allow Muslims a respectable place in the Indian society. The rise of Hindu nationalism further awakened the Muslim feelings of a separate identity. The political scene of India was affected with this situation and particularly by the vigorous activities of Congress Party, a sole organized forum having no rival. The Muslims believed that only an organized endeavor would lead them to success. In Briton, the new government of Prime Minister Lloyd George announced to soon introduce constitutional reforms in India including the representative form of Government.
3. Under these circumstances the Muslim leaders, therefore decided to avail this opportunity to apprise the Viceroy of the Muslims demands. A delegation of prominent Muslim leaders from all over the country was formed under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan for the purpose. The delegation carefully deliberated and formulated their demands covering all aspects of Muslims interests.
Demands
4. The most important demands included in the memorandum were as follows:--
a. An electorate system should be introduced to give right to Muslims to elect their own representatives for the Legislative Councils as well as for the local bodies.
b. In the provinces where Muslims are in minority, they should be given more seats than their proportionate share of population.
c. The Muslims should be allocated seats in higher grades posts of government service. They should be appointed to the posts of judges in Chief Courts and High Courts and taken as representatives in the Executive Council of Viceroy
Meeting with Viceroy
5. The delegation met the Viceroy at Simla on 01 October, 1906. Lord Minto gave a patient hearing to the demands of Muslim leaders of Simla Deputation. He expressed his complete agreement with the principle of separate electorate. He promised to give sympathetic consideration to the demands and assured the delegation that he would do all what was possible to accept the demands.
Achievements
6. It was a great achievement of the Simla Deputation to have convinced the Viceroy about the genuine and logical demands of Muslims. The Muslims now were confident that their organized efforts were essential to press for the acceptance of their demands. They seriously felt the need for their own political party
7. Consequently, the government agreed to the major demand of separate electorate and incorporated it in the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909. The right of separate electorate ultimately paved ways for the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
